去

See also: 丟
去 U+53BB, 去
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53BB
← 厺
[U+53BA]
CJK Unified Ideographs 厼 →
[U+53BC]

Translingual

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

去 (Kangxi radical 28, 厶+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 土戈 (GI), four-corner 40731, composition ⿱土厶)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 164, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3070
  • Dae Jaweon: page 372, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 384, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+53BB

Chinese

simp. and trad.
去
alternative forms 㚎
弆
厺
克 dialectal

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 去
Shang Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 大 (“man”) + 口 (“mouth, object”). Top figure simplified to 土, unrelated to 士 (“scholar, gentleman”), while bottom simplified to 厶. There are various interpretations of the combination of “man” and “mouth, object”. One is that the ideograph represented a man with a hole marked in his crotch, with the idea of “anus” (i.e. getting rid of) (Schuessler, 2007). Another is that it represented a man departing from a cave or city.

Alternatively, it may be the original character of 呿 (OC *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab, “to open one's mouth”), the meaning given by the combination of 大 (“big”) and 口 (“mouth”). The meaning “to depart” would be an extension of the meaning “to open one's mouth”, as the lips depart from each other when one's mouth is open.

Shuowen Jiezi interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) : semantic 大 (“man”) + phonetic 𠙴 ().

In addition, 去 is also the original character of 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to cover”). The 大 could be a cover on top of an object 口.

Etymology

There were two pronunciations in Middle Chinese. The rising tone pronunciation originally meant “to put away, to eliminate” (causative of “to go away”), and the falling tone “to go away, to leave, to depart” (anticausative). The merger of the two pronunciations already happened in Old Chinese and most extant dialects do not observe this distinction now.

This word is of Sino-Tibetan origin with the basic meaning of "to get rid of". Compare Tibetan སྐྱག (skyag, “to spend, to lay out; dung, excrement”), རྐྱག (rkyag, “dirt, excrement”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall, to become low”), ချ (hkya., “to put down, to bring down, to lower”).

Pronunciation 1


Note:
  • qie4 - vernacular;
  • qu4 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 去
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰy²¹/
/t͡ɕʰi²¹/ 過~
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰy⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰy³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Yinchuan /kʰɯ¹³/
/t͡ɕʰy¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰy¹³/
/t͡ɕʰi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
/kʰɯ³⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰy¹³/
/t͡ɕʰie¹³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
/kʰe²¹³/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰi²¹²/ ~年
/kʰə²¹²/ ~大理
Nanjing /kʰi⁴⁴/
/t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁵/ ~哪
/kəʔ²/ 上~
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/ 來~
/kəʔ⁴³/ 吃~
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
/t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰy⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁴⁴⁵/
/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰy⁴²/
/kʰei⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰy³²⁴/
/t͡ɕʰi³²⁴/
Tunxi /kʰə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/
/kʰə⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰie⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰie²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hi⁵³/
Taoyuan /kʰi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /høy³³/
Nanning /hy³³/
Hong Kong /høy³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰu²¹/
/kʰi²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰɔ²¹²/
/kʰœ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰɔ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰɯ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hu³⁵/
/xu³⁵/

Rime
Character 去
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 丘倨切
Baxter khjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨə̆H/
Li
Rong
/kʰiɔH/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭoH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
heoi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 去
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qù
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjoH ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ʰ(r)ap-s/
English depart

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 去
Reading # 2/2
No. 10687
Phonetic
component
去
Rime
group
魚
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
㰦
Old
Chinese
/*kʰas/

Definitions

去

  1. to leave; to depart from
    去世  ―  qùshì  ―  to pass away
  2. to go to; to leave for
    你去哪兒?/你去哪儿?  ―  Nǐ qù nǎr?  ―  Where are you going?
    Antonym: 來/来 (lái)
  3. (before or after a verb) to go in order to do something
    他到辦公室去請假。 [MSC, trad.]
    他到办公室去请假。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā dào bàngōngshì qù qǐngjiǎ. [Pinyin]
    He went to the office to ask for leave.
    他去釣魚了,而沒去打網球。 [MSC, trad.]
    他去钓鱼了,而没去打网球。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā qù diàoyú le, ér méi qù dǎ wǎngqiú. [Pinyin]
    He went fishing instead of playing tennis.
  4. (between two verbs) to; in order to
  5. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement away from the speaker.
    下去  ―  xiàqù  ―  to go down [ant. 下來/下来 (xiàlái, “to come down”)]
    送去  ―  sòng qù  ―  to send away
  6. to send; to dispatch
  7. to play (a part, a character); to act
  8. (euphemistic) to pass away; to die
  9. last; past
    去年  ―  qùnián  ―  last year
  10. 66th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "departure" (𝍇)
  11. Short for 去聲/去声 (qùshēng).
  12. (literary) to be separated by; to be apart by
  13. (neologism) what the hell; what; damn; fuck
    我去  ―  wǒqù  ―  what the hell
Synonyms

Pronunciation 2


Note: heoi2 - rare.

Rime
Character 去
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羌舉切
Baxter khjoX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨʌX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰiɔX/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiɔX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨə̆X/
Li
Rong
/kʰiɔX/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭoX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰi̯woX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
heoi2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 去
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qù
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjoX ›
Old
Chinese
/*[kʰ](r)aʔ/
English get rid of

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 去
Reading # 1/2
No. 10684
Phonetic
component
去
Rime
group
魚
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
去
Old
Chinese
/*kʰaʔ/

Definitions

去

  1. to remove; to get rid of
    去掉  ―  qùdiào  ―  to remove
    脫去/脱去  ―  tuōqù  ―  to throw off
    拆去  ―  chāiqù  ―  to remove, to take off
    去蝦腸/去虾肠  ―  qù xiācháng  ―  to remove the intestines from shrimp
    牛肉去咗啲腥味之後會好食好多。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    牛肉去咗啲腥味之后会好食好多。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngau4 juk6 heoi3 zo2 di1 sing1 mei6 zi1 hau6 wui5 hou2 sik6 hou2 do1. [Jyutping]
    Beef tastes much better after you get rid of the rankness.
    去頭白蝦/去头白虾  ―  qùtóu báixiā  ―  headless white shrimp
    去中心化  ―  qùzhōngxīnhuà  ―  decentralization
  2. to discard

Pronunciation 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 去 – see 弆 (“to hoard, to hide away”).
(This character is a variant form of 弆).

Pronunciation 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 去 – see 驅 (“to drive; to spur; to run quickly; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 驅).

Compounds

See also

The tones (of Chinese) in Mandarin · 聲調/声调 (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
平仄 (píngzè) 平 (píng)
平聲/平声 (píngshēng)
仄 (zè)
仄聲/仄声 (zèshēng)
平上去入 (píngshǎngqùrù)
四聲/四声 (sìshēng)
平 (píng)
平聲/平声 (píngshēng)
上 (shǎng)
上聲/上声 (shǎngshēng)
去 (qù)
去聲/去声 (qùshēng)
入 (rù)
入聲/入声 (rùshēng)
標調方法/标调方法 (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
標調法/标调法
四角標調法/四角标调法 ꜀◌ ꜂◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜆
[Term?] ◌〪 ◌〫 ◌〬 ◌〭
傍點/傍点 ∅ ◌〮 ◌〯 ∅
四聲八調/四声八调 陰平/阴平 (yīnpíng) 陽平/阳平 (yángpíng) 陰上/阴上 (yīnshǎng) 陽上/阳上 (yángshǎng) 陰去/阴去 (yīnqù) 陽去/阳去 (yángqù) 陰入/阴入 (yīnrù) 陽入/阳入 (yángrù)
陰/阴 (yīn) 陽/阳 (yáng)
標調方法/标调方法 (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
標調法/标调法
四角標調法/四角标调法 ꜀◌ ꜁◌ ꜂◌ ꜃◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜅ ◌꜆ ◌꜇
The tones (of Standard Mandarin) in Mandarin · 聲調/声调 (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
四聲/四声 (sìshēng) 陰平/阴平 (yīnpíng)
一聲/一声
陽平/阳平 (yángpíng)
二聲/二声 (èrshēng)
上聲/上声 (shǎngshēng)
三聲/三声 (sānshēng)
去聲/去声 (qùshēng)
四聲/四声 (sìshēng)
輕聲/轻声 (qīngshēng)

References

Japanese

Kanji

去

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. to leave, to go away
  2. past

Readings

Compounds

See also

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 去 (eumhun 갈 거 (gal geo))

  1. Hanja form? of 거 (“to leave; to go away”).

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

去: Hán Nôm readings: khứ, khử[1], khu[2]

  1. (literary) chữ Hán form of khứ (“to leave, to go”).
  2. chữ Hán form of khử (“to remove”).

Compounds

References

  1. Hồ (1976).
  2. Trần (1999).
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