約

See also: 约
約 U+7D04, 約
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D04
← 紃
[U+7D03]
CJK Unified Ideographs 紅 →
[U+7D05]

Translingual

Han character

約 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 女火心戈 (VFPI) or 女火心一 (VFPM), four-corner 27920, composition ⿰糹勺)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 915, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27242
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1343, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3364, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+7D04

Chinese

trad. 約
simp. 约
alternative forms 𪪊

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 約
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).

Pronunciation 1


Note: yāo - only the sense of “to weigh on a balance or scale”.
Note:
  • iók - literary;
  • ióh - vernacular.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 約
Mandarin Beijing /yɛ⁵⁵/
Harbin /iau⁴⁴/
/yɛ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ye²¹/
Jinan /yə²¹³/
Qingdao /yə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /yo²⁴/
Xi'an /yo²¹/
Xining /yu⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ye¹³/
Lanzhou /yə¹³/
Ürümqi /yɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /io²¹³/
Chengdu /yo³¹/
Guiyang /io²¹/
Kunming /io³¹/
Nanjing /ioʔ⁵/
Hefei /yɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /yəʔ²/
Pingyao /yʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /yaʔ⁴³/ 大~
/iɔ³¹/ ~一~
Wu Shanghai /iaʔ⁵/
Suzhou /iɑʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /ʔiɑʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /j̠a²¹³/
Hui Shexian /iɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /io⁵/
Xiang Changsha /io²⁴/
Xiangtan /io²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /iɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /iok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ʒok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jœk̚²/
Nanning /jœk̚³³/
Hong Kong /jœk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /iɔk̚³²/
/ioʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /yɔʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /iɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /iak̚²/
/ioʔ²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /iɔk̚⁵/

Rime
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 藥 (107)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 於略切
Baxter 'jak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʔɨɐk̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʔiɐk̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/ʔiɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʔɨak̚/
Li
Rong
/ʔiak̚/
Wang
Li
/ĭak̚/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʔi̯ak̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yue
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
joek3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
yuē
Middle
Chinese
‹ ʔjak ›
Old
Chinese
/*[q](r)ewk/
English bind (v.), make an agreement

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
No. 11201
Phonetic
component
勺
Rime
group
藥
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
約
Old
Chinese
/*ʔlewɢ/

Definitions

約

  1. † to bundle up; to bind
  2. † rope; cord
  3. † to restrain; to limit; to keep under control
  4. to make an appointment; to arrange
  5. appointment; meeting; arrangement
  6. treaty; agreement; covenant; pact; contract
  7. to invite or ask in advance
    我想約你明天一起去吃飯,不知道你有沒有時間。 [MSC, trad.]
    我想约你明天一起去吃饭,不知道你有没有时间。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ xiǎng yuē nǐ míngtiān yīqǐ qù chīfàn, bù zhīdào nǐ yǒu méiyǒu shíjiān. [Pinyin]
    I'd like to invite you out to have a meal tomorrow, if you have the time.
  8. † to hinder; to block
  9. † to save; to economise
  10. † frugal; economical; thrifty
  11. † brief; concise; succinct
  12. † poor; humble; low-ranking
  13. (mathematics) to reduce (a fraction)
  14. † to prepare; to equip
  15. † to seek; to pursue
  16. † to estimate; to approximate; to reckon
  17. (colloquial) to weigh (on a balance or scale)
  18. about; approximately
    約220大卡/约220大卡  ―  yuē 220 dàkǎ  ―  Approximately 220 kilocalories.
  19. (Hong Kong, historical) district (of the City of Victoria)
    四環九約/四环九约 [Cantonese]  ―  sei3 waan4 gau2 joek3 [Jyutping]  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  20. (Hong Kong, historical) pact, group of villages (clarification of this definition is needed)
    大埔七約/大埔七约 [Cantonese]  ―  daai6 bou3 cat1 joek3 [Jyutping]  ―  the seven village groups of Tai Po

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (約):
  • → Vietnamese: ước (約)

Pronunciation 2



Rime
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 宵 (91)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 於笑切
Baxter 'jiewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʔiᴇuH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʔiɛuH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ʔjæuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʔiawH/
Li
Rong
/ʔiɛuH/
Wang
Li
/ĭɛuH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʔi̯ɛuH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yào
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jiu3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
yào
Middle
Chinese
‹ ʔjiewH ›
Old
Chinese
/*[q]ewk-s/
English bond, agreement (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
No. 11181
Phonetic
component
勺
Rime
group
豹
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
要
Old
Chinese
/*ʔlewɢs/

Definitions

約

  1. † Alternative form of 要 (yào, “gist; essentials”)

Pronunciation 3


Definitions

約

  1. † cord for the string of a stringed instrument

References

Japanese

Kanji

約

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. contract, promise
  2. to contract, to shorten
  3. approximately, roughly

Readings

Compounds

Kanji in this term
約
やく
Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

Adverb

約(やく) • (yaku) 

  1. about, approximately
    約(やく)一(いっ)ヶ月(げつ)
    yaku iggagetsu
    approximately one month
    宇宙(うちゅう)の直径(ちょっけい)は約(やく) 930(きゅうひゃくさんじゅう)億(おく)光年(こうねん)だ。
    Uchū no chokkei wa yaku kyūhyakusanjū-oku kōnen da.
    The diameter of the universe is some 93 billion light years.

References

  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 約 (eumhun 맺을 약 (maejeul yak))

  1. Hanja form? of 약 (“contract, promise”).
  2. Hanja form? of 약 (“approximately, roughly”).

Compounds

Vietnamese

Chữ Hán

約: Hán Việt readings: ước, yêu

  1. chữ Hán form of ước (“contract, promise”).
  2. chữ Hán form of ước (“approximately, roughly”).
  3. chữ Hán form of ước (“to wish”).
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