害

害 U+5BB3, 害
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB3
← 宲
[U+5BB2]
CJK Unified Ideographs 宴 →
[U+5BB4]

Translingual

Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order (Taiwan)
10 strokes
Stroke order (Japan)
10 strokes

Han character

害 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十手十口 (JQJR) or 十手一口 (JQMR), four-corner 30601, composition ⿳宀丰口)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 286, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7165
  • Dae Jaweon: page 565, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 929, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5BB3

Chinese

trad. 害
simp. # 害
alternative forms 𡧱
𰀘

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 害
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Multiple theories:

  • He Linyi (何琳儀): Ideogram (指事) : a spear 𫲸 (now 𥎆) + a distinguishing mark 口.[1][2]
  • Li Xueqin (2012): Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声) . The phonetic component is 𡩜 (xiàn).[3]
  • Guo Moruo (郭沫若),[1] Dai Jiaxiang (戴家祥)[2]: Pictogram (象形) , ancient form of 蓋 ("lid; cover").
  • Gao Hongying (高鴻纓): Jiajie (假借) , original character of 桷, borrowed for sound, which was a pictogram (象形) of a house's rafters (see 舍).[1]
  • Chen Bingxin (陳秉新): Original form of 𠤳, written as ⿷𠥓⿴害五 in bronze inscriptions, which itself is an ancient way of writing the 胡 in 胡簋.[1][2]
  • Shuowen Jiezi: Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɡaːds) : semantic 宀 + semantic 口 + phonetic 丯 (OC *kreːds).
  1. 季旭昇,2004《說文新證》,台北:藝文印書館印行,2014年9月第二版。p.601-602
  2. 漢語多功能字庫 - 字頭 「害」
  3. 李學勤,2012《字源》,天津:天津古籍出版社,2013年7月2次印刷。p.662

Etymology

Cognate with 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”). See there for more.

Pronunciation 1



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 害
Mandarin Beijing /xai⁵¹/
Harbin /xai⁵³/
/xai²¹³/ ~怕
Tianjin /xai⁵³/
Jinan /xɛ²¹/
Qingdao /xɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xai³¹²/
Xi'an /xai⁴⁴/
Xining /xɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan /xɛ¹³/
Lanzhou /xɛ¹³/
Ürümqi /xai²¹³/
Wuhan /xai³⁵/
Chengdu /xai¹³/
Guiyang /xai²¹³/
Kunming /xæ²¹²/
Nanjing /xae⁴⁴/
Hefei /xe̞⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xai⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xæ³⁵/
Hohhot /xɛ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦe²³/
Suzhou /ɦe̞³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦe̞¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦe²²/
Hui Shexian /xɛ²²/
Tunxi /xuə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xai⁵⁵/
/xai¹¹/
Xiangtan /ɦai²¹/
Gan Nanchang /hai²¹/
Hakka Meixian /hoi⁵³/
Taoyuan /hoi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔi²²/
Nanning /hɔi²²/
Hong Kong /hɔi²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hai²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɑi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xuɛ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hai³¹/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hai³³/

Rime
Character 害
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 泰 (25)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡蓋切
Baxter hajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦɑiH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦɑiH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣɑiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦajH/
Li
Rong
/ɣɑiH/
Wang
Li
/ɣɑiH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣɑiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
hài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hoi6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 害 害
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
hài hài
Middle
Chinese
‹ hajH › ‹ hajH ›
Old
Chinese
/*N-kˁat-s/ /*m-kˁat-s/
English be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.) hurt (v.t.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 害
Reading # 1/1
No. 4845
Phonetic
component
害
Rime
group
祭
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
害
Old
Chinese
/*ɡaːds/
Notes 金文非丯聲,似𥎆初文加古聲,
㝬通胡

Definitions

害

  1. to harm; to maim; to injure
  2. to cause to do; to result in (something unfavourable)
  3. to kill; to murder
  4. to suffer from
  5. to feel (an adverse sentiment)
  6. harm; disaster; calamity
  7. crucial point; vital point
  8. harmful; injurious
  9. (Southern Min) broken
Antonyms
  • 益 (yì, “benefit”)
  • 利 (lì, “benefit”)

Compounds

Pronunciation 2


Definitions

害

  1. † Alternative form of 曷 (hé, “why”)

Japanese

Shinjitai 害
Kyūjitai
[1]

害󠄂
害+&#xE0102;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
害󠄆
害+&#xE0106;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

害

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. (そこなう) damage, harm, injure
  2. (あやめる) kill
  3. (わざわい) disaster

Readings

Etymology

Kanji in this term
害
がい
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 害 (hajH, “injury”).

Pronunciation

Noun

害(がい) • (gai) 

  1. injury, harm, damage

Antonyms

Derived terms

References

  1. “害”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

害 (eumhun 해칠 해 (haechil hae))

  1. Hanja form? of 해 (“harm”).

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

害: Hán Nôm readings: hại

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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