氣

See also: 气, 気, and 炁
氣 U+6C23, 氣
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C23
← 氢
[U+6C22]
CJK Unified Ideographs 氤 →
[U+6C24]

Translingual

Traditional 氣
Shinjitai 気
Simplified 气

Han character

氣 (Kangxi radical 84, 气+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人弓火木 (ONFD), four-corner 80917, composition ⿹气米)

Derived characters

  • 㑶, 𠺪, 𡦎, 愾, 𭡾, 滊, 暣, 熂, 犔, 𦞝, 𥎃, 𧜃, 𧎵, 𧤟, 𧪢, 𧱲, 𧹵, 𮠼, 𣱬, 鎎, 𬂕, 靝, 餼, 𩥀, 𪸃, 𪒉, 霼, 𪖴, 𫨥, 𤅴
  • 𣯘, 𩘞, 𭯴, 𭯵, 𣱯, 𫉀, 𥧔, 𧏨, 𧜚, 𡈏, 𮕇, 𣀽

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 599, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17059
  • Dae Jaweon: page 990, character 26
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2011, character 14
  • Unihan data for U+6C23

Chinese

trad. 氣
simp. 气*
alternative forms
 
气
炁
𣱛
𣱖
𤽍
气
炁
𣱛
𣱖
𤽍
気
𣅠

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 氣
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds) : phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds) + semantic 米 (“rice”) – to give rice as a gift.

Later borrowed meanings of “air, flow” from 气 (OC *kʰɯds). The derivative 餼 (OC *qʰɯds) refers to the original word. Compare 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).

Pronunciation 1


Note: khùi - vernacular, khì - literary.
Note:
  • ki3 - literary;
  • kui3 - vernacular.
    • Wu
      • (Shanghai):
        • Wugniu: 5chi
        • MiniDict: chi去
        • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 2qi
        • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/
    • Xiang
      • (Changsha)
        • Wiktionary: qi4
        • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 氣
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰi²¹/
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰi⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰi³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕʰji²¹³/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰi¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰi¹³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰi²¹²/
Nanjing /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰi⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡sʰz̩⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰi³²⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕʰi⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hi⁵³/
Taoyuan /hi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hei³³/
Nanning /hi³³/
Hong Kong /hei³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰi²¹/
/kʰui²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰɛi²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰi³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰi²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xi³⁵/
/xui³⁵/

Rime
Character 氣
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 微 (20)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 去旣切
Baxter khj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨiH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰɨiH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiəiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨjH/
Li
Rong
/kʰiəiH/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭəiH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kʰe̯iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hei3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 氣
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qì
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjɨjH ›
Old
Chinese
/*C.qʰəp-s/
English cloudy vapors

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 氣
Reading # 1/2
No. 10140
Phonetic
component
气
Rime
group
隊
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰɯds/

Definitions

氣

  1. gas (matter in an intermediate state between liquid and plasma)
    天然氣/天然气  ―  tiānránqì  ―  natural gas
    輪胎漏氣了。/轮胎漏气了。  ―  Lúntāi lòu qì le.  ―  The tire is leaking gas.
  2. (meteorology) air
    出去透透氣!/出去透透气!  ―  Chūqù tòu tòuqì!  ―  Go out to breathe fresh air!
  3. breath (Classifier: 口 m; 股 m; 啖 c)
    喘不過氣來/喘不过气来  ―  chuǎnbùguòqì lái  ―  to be out of breath
    我會戰鬥到最后一口氣。 [MSC, trad.]
    我会战斗到最后一口气。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ huì zhàndòu dào zuìhòu yī kǒu qì. [Pinyin]
    I will fight to my last breath.
  4. (Chinese philosophy, traditional Chinese medicine) qi; vital energy; life force
    元氣/元气  ―  yuánqì  ―  vital energy
    氣虛/气虚  ―  qì xū  ―  to be deficient in vital energy
  5. weather
    天氣/天气  ―  tiānqì  ―  weather
    氣候/气候  ―  qìhòu  ―  climate
  6. smell; odour
    氣味/气味  ―  qìwèi  ―  smell
    滿身酒氣/满身酒气  ―  mǎnshēn jiǔ qì  ―  to have the odor of alcohol all over one's body
  7. anger (Classifier: 條/条 c; 啖 c; 度 c)
    生氣/生气  ―  shēngqì  ―  to get angry
    消消氣/消消气  ―  xiāo xiāoqì  ―  to calm down
  8. to be angry
    我很氣。/我很气。  ―  Wǒ hěn qì.  ―  I'm very angry.
    氣哭了/气哭了  ―  qì kū le  ―  to cry because one was so mad
  9. to make angry; to annoy; to anger; to enrage
    別氣我!/别气我!  ―  Bié qì wǒ!  ―  Don't annoy me!
  10. quality; character; spirit; mettle
    有男人氣/有男人气  ―  yǒu nánrén qì  ―  to be manly
    書生氣/书生气  ―  shūshēng qì  ―  bookishness
  11. vitality; vigor; morale; spirit
    氣概/气概  ―  qìgài  ―  mettle; lofty quality
    一鼓作氣/一鼓作气  ―  yīgǔzuòqì  ―  to accomplish in one vigorous effort
  12. bad habit; bad practice
  13. a surname: Qi
Synonyms
  • (smell):
  • (to be angry):
  • (vitality):

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (氣):
  • → Japanese: 気(き) (ki)
  • → Korean: 기(氣) (gi)
  • → Vietnamese: khí (氣)

Pronunciation 2



Rime
Character 氣
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 微 (20)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 許旣切
Baxter xj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/hɨiH/
Pan
Wuyun
/hɨiH/
Shao
Rongfen
/xiəiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/hɨjH/
Li
Rong
/xiəiH/
Wang
Li
/xĭəiH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/xe̯iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hei3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 氣
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xì
Middle
Chinese
‹ xjɨjH ›
Old
Chinese
/*qʰət-s/
English to present food

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 氣
Reading # 2/2
No. 10143
Phonetic
component
气
Rime
group
隊
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qʰɯds/
Notes 後作餼

Definitions

氣

  1. † Original form of 餼/饩 (xì, “to give food as a gift”).

Compounds

References

Japanese

Shinjitai

気

Kyūjitai

氣

Kanji

氣

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 気)

Readings

  • Go-on: け (ke)
  • Kan-on: き (ki)
  • Kun: いき (iki, 氣)

Usage notes

Not used in modern Japanese. Replaced by the shinjitai form 気.

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 氣 (MC khj+jH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448킝〮 (Yale: khúy)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527긔〮운〮 (Yale: kúywún)ᄭᅴ〮 (Yale: skúy)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 氣 (eumhun 기운 기 (giun gi))

  1. Hanja form? of 기 (“energy, aura, vitality, vigour”). [noun]

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

氣: Hán Nôm readings: khí

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