億

See also: 亿

億	U+5104, 億 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5104

← 儃
[U+5103]

CJK Unified Ideographs

儅 →
[U+5105]

Translingual

Han character

億 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+13, 15 strokes, cangjie input 人卜廿心 (OYTP), four-corner 2023₆, composition ⿰亻意)

Derived characters

𨯑, 𬟆

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 118, character 27
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1178
Dae Jaweon: page 252, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 227, character 6
Unihan data for U+5104

Chinese

trad.		億
simp.		亿^*

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 億

Warring States

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Bronze inscriptions**
b12362	b15389

**Small seal script**
s05812	s07653

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L28411	L28412	L28413

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (意) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
噫	qrɯːɡs, qɯ
譩	qɯ, qɯʔ, *qɯl
醷	qɯʔ, qɯɡ
意	*qɯɡs
鷾	*qɯɡs
憶	*qɯɡ
億	*qɯɡ
臆	*qɯɡ
繶	*qɯɡ
澺	*qɯɡ
薏	*qɯɡ
檍	*qɯɡ
癔	*qɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯɡ) : semantic 人 + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs).

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yi⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jik¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): yet²
Gan (Wiktionary): i⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yi / yit

(Meixian, Guangdong): yi⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): i³
Northern Min (KCR): i̿
Eastern Min (BUC): é
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ek / iak

(Teochew, Peng'im): êg⁸
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶yi
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): i⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yi⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jik¹
  - Yale: yīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: yig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: yet²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jet̚⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: i⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi / yit
  - Hakka Romanization System: i / id`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi⁴ / yid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /i⁵⁵/, /it̚²/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)i
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /i⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: i³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /i⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: i̿
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: é
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛi²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
  - Tâi-lô: ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
  - Tâi-lô: iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: êg⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: e̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ek̚⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶yi
  - MiniDict: yi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: i⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: 'ik

Rime
Character	億
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於力切
Baxter	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/ĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)ək/

(Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	億
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔik ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)ək/
English	100000
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	億
Reading #	1/1
No.	15157
Phonetic component	意
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	憶
Old Chinese	/*qɯɡ/

Definitions

億

hundred million (100,000,000) (sometimes written as 1,0000,0000)
- 先定個小目標賺他一個億 [MSC, trad.]
  先定个小目标赚他一个亿 [MSC, simp.]
  From: Wang Jianlin 王健林
  xiān dìng ge xiǎo mùbiāo zhuàn tā yī ge yì [Pinyin]
  first set a small goal: make a hundred million [yuan]
^† hundred thousand (100,000)
^† peaceful; stable
^† brimming; plentiful; abundant
^† Alternative form of 臆 (yì, “chest”)
^† Alternative form of 臆 (yì, “to guess; to estimate; to surmise”)
a surname

Compounds

不億／不亿
供億／供亿
億丈／亿丈
億中／亿中
億事／亿事
億仞／亿仞
億代／亿代
億億／亿亿
億兆／亿兆 (yìzhào)
億出／亿出
億劫／亿劫
億千／亿千
億品／亿品
億垓／亿垓
億姓／亿姓
億寧／亿宁
億年／亿年
億度／亿度
億庶／亿庶
億康／亿康
億庾／亿庾
億廩／亿廪
億忌／亿忌
億恨／亿恨
億探／亿探
億昌／亿昌
億測／亿测
億盈／亿盈
億眾／亿众
億祀／亿祀
億福／亿福
億萬／亿万 (yìwàn)
億萬斯年／亿万斯年
億計／亿计
億變／亿变
億負／亿负
億載／亿载
億載金城／亿载金城
億辛萬苦／亿辛万苦
億逆／亿逆
億逞／亿逞
億醜／亿丑
億類／亿类
億齡／亿龄
兆億／兆亿
八十億劫／八十亿劫
共億／共亿
千億／千亿 (qiānyì)
巨億／巨亿
庾億／庾亿
心億／心亿
愊億／愊亿
憑億／凭亿
百億／百亿
積億／积亿
綏億／绥亿
詭億／诡亿
逆億／逆亿
鉅億／巨亿
餉億／饷亿
麗億／丽亿

Japanese

Kanji

億

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: おく (oku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: よく (yoku)
Kun: お (o)
Nanori: かた (kata)

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
億
おく Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) おく [óꜜkù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [o̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

億(おく) • (oku)

a hundred million, 10⁸

Derived terms

億(おく)ション (okushon)
億(おく)り人(びと) (okuribito)

References

Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 億 (MC 'ik).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅳᆨ〮 (Yale: qúk) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 억〮 (ék)^訓 (Yale: ék) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Recorded as Middle Korean 억 ( ek)^訓 (Yale: ek) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ʌ̹k̚]
Phonetic hangul: [억]

Hanja

Wikisource 億 (eumhun 억 억 (eok eok))

Hanja form^? of 억 (“a hundred million, 10⁸”).

Compounds

억겁 (億劫, eokgeop)
수억 (數億, sueok)
십억 (十億, sibeok)
억대 (億臺, eokdae)
천억 (千億, cheoneok)
억만장자 (億萬長者, eongmanjangja)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

億: Hán Việt readings: ức
億: Nôm readings: tỉ, ức

Noun

億

chữ Hán form of ức (“a hundred thousand”).

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[SMK2-1] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Chinese numbers
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	10²	10³	10⁴	10⁶	10⁸	10¹²
Normal (小寫／小写)	〇, 零, 空	一, 蜀	二, 兩／两	三	四	五	六	七	八	九	十	百	千	萬／万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)	百萬／百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines)	億／亿	兆 (Taiwan) 萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial (大寫／大写)	零	壹	貳／贰	參／叁	肆	伍	陸／陆	柒	捌	玖	拾	佰	仟	萬／万, 十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)	百萬／百万, 桶(Philippines), 面桶 (Philippines)	億／亿	兆 (Taiwan) 萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)