壞

壞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 4413₂, composition ⿰土褱)

• 蘾

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
• Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
• Unihan data for U+58DE

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːls) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl).

Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to become putrid/rotten”), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, “crumbles”) (Hill, 2019).

壞

1. bad

   壞人／坏人  ―  huàirén  ―  bad person

   壞習慣／坏习惯  ―  huài xíguàn  ―  bad habits

2. rotten; spoiled

   壞雞蛋／坏鸡蛋  ―  huài jīdàn  ―  rotten egg

   這蘋果壞了。／这苹果坏了。  ―  Zhè píngguǒ huài le.  ―  This apple is rotten.

   牛奶壞了。／牛奶坏了。  ―  Niúnǎi huài le.  ―  The milk is spoiled.

3. to spoil; to ruin

   壞了大事／坏了大事  ―  huài le dàshì  ―  to ruin an important thing

   過期的牛奶喝了會壞肚子。 [MSC, trad.]
   过期的牛奶喝了会坏肚子。 [MSC, simp.]

   Guòqī de niúnǎi hē le huì huài dùzi. [Pinyin]

   Drinking expired milk will (would cause or lead to) upset stomach (gastrointestinal symptoms).

4. to break; to stop working

   鏡子摔壞了／镜子摔坏了  ―  jìngzǐ shuāi huài le  ―  to have smashed a mirror

   聽說掃地機器人很容易壞。 [MSC, trad.]
   听说扫地机器人很容易坏。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tīngshuō sǎodì jīqìrén hěn róngyì huài. [Pinyin]

   I've heard that robot vacuums breaks (stops working) very easily.

   到而家都仲未壞，真係犀利。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   到而家都仲未坏，真系犀利。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   dou³ ji⁴ gaa¹ dou¹ zung⁶ mei⁶ waai⁶, zan¹ hai⁶ sai¹ lei⁶. [Jyutping]

   It's amazing, it hasn't broken.

5. (Classical) to collapse

   • 諺曰：「蠹眾而木折，隙大而牆壞。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     谚曰：「蠹众而木折，隙大而墙坏。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3^rd century BCE

     Yàn yuē: “Dù zhòng ér mù zhé, xì dà ér qiáng huài.” [Pinyin]

     The saying runs: 'Many woodworms and the wood snaps, a large fissure and the wall collapses.'

6. (Classical) to demolish; to destroy

   • 暴君代作，壞宮室以為汙池，民無所安息。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     暴君代作，坏宫室以为污池，民无所安息。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Bàojūn dàizuò, huài gōngshì yǐ wéi wūchí, mín wú suǒ ānxī. [Pinyin]

     Oppressive sovereigns arose one after another, who pulled down houses to make ponds and lakes, so that the people knew not where they could rest in quiet.

7. bad idea; dirty trick
8. extremely; very; highly

   嚇壞了／吓坏了  ―  xià huài le  ―  to be badly scared

• (bad):

• (to spoil):

• (to ruin):

• (extremely):

• (antonym(s) of “bad”): 好 (hǎo)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

壞

1. (Cantonese) naughty; mischievous; rebellious; disobedient

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)

1. Kyūjitai form of 壊: break

• Go-on: え (e)^{←ゑ (we, historical)}
• Kan-on: かい (kai)^{←くわい (kwai, historical)}
• Kun: こわす (kowasu, 壞す); こわれる (kowareru, 壞れる); やぶる (yaburu, 壞る)
• Nanori: つち (tsuchi)

From Middle Chinese 壞 (MC kweajH).

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
• Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)/괴(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Wikisource 壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))

1. Hanja form^? of 괴 (“to break; to collapse”).

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

壞: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.