時

See also: 时
時 U+6642, 時
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6642
← 晁
[U+6641] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 晃 →
[U+6643]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character
Stroke order
10 strokes

時 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 日土木戈 (AGDI), four-corner 64041, composition ⿰日寺)

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 494, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13890
  • Dae Jaweon: page 859, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1505, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6642

Chinese
trad. 時
simp. 时
alternative forms 旹
时
峕
𣅱
㫑

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 時
Shang Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (寺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
等 *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ
待 *dɯːʔ
寺 *ljɯs
持 *l'ɯ
峙 *dɯʔ
痔 *dɯʔ
跱 *dɯʔ
歭 *dɯʔ
洔 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ
畤 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ
秲 *dɯʔ, *djɯs
庤 *dɯʔ
時 *djɯ
鰣 *djɯ
塒 *djɯ
蒔 *djɯ, *djɯs
榯 *djɯ
恃 *djɯʔ
侍 *djɯs
詩 *hljɯ
邿 *hljɯ
特 *dɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯ) : semantic 日 (“sun; day”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).

In ancient scripts, it had the form 旹, with 之 (OC *tjɯ) as the phonetic instead.

Etymology

From 之 (OC *tjɯ, “to go; to proceed”) + endopassive voicing + endoactive tone B (OC *-ʔ > expected MC 上聲), literally “that which is proceeding” (Schuessler, 2007). The glottal stop was however lost, probably due to confusion with the pronoun sense.

"this"
A relatively unemphatic form of 是 (OC *djeʔ, “this”) (Pulleybank, 1995). Cognate with 之 (OC *tjɯ, “this; third-person pronoun”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 時
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /sz̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /sz̩²⁴/
Xining /sz̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩⁵³/
Ürümqi /sz̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Hefei /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /sz̩¹¹/
Pingyao /sz̩¹³/
Hohhot /sz̩³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zz̩²³/
Suzhou /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hangzhou /zz̩²¹³/
Wenzhou /zz̩³¹/
Hui Shexian /sz̩⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ɕi⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩¹²/
Gan Nanchang /sz̩⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /sz̩¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʃï¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /si²¹/
Nanning /si²¹/
Hong Kong /si²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /si³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /si⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /si³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /si⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ti³¹/
Rime
Character 時
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 市之切
Baxter dzyi
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑɨ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑɨ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑie/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑɨ/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiə/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭə/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 chí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 si4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 時
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shí
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyi ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[d]ə/ (~ *[d]əʔ)
English time

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 時
Reading # 1/1
No. 12042
Phonetic
component		 寺
Rime
group		 之
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 時
Old
Chinese		 /*djɯ/

Definitions

時

  1. season
    四時／四时  ―  sìshí  ―  four seasons
    農時／农时  ―  nóngshí  ―  farming season
  2. time (a duration)
    那時／那时  ―  nàshí  ―  at that time
    平時／平时  ―  píngshí  ―  normally; usually
    上課時不要玩手機。 [MSC, trad.]
    上课时不要玩手机。 [MSC, simp.]
    Shàngkè shí bùyào wán shǒujī. [Pinyin]
    Don't use your phone when in class.
  3. time (the passing of time)
    沉寂多時／沉寂多时  ―  chénjì duōshí  ―  to have remained silent for a long time
    時不我待／时不我待  ―  shíbùwǒdài  ―  time does not wait for us
  4. times; years; era
    古時／古时  ―  gǔshí  ―  ancient times
    時移世易／时移世易  ―  shíyíshìyì  ―  times have changed and so have things
  5. time; fixed time
    按時／按时  ―  ànshí  ―  on time; on schedule
  6. double-hour
    子時／子时  ―  zǐshí  ―  the hours of the rat (11:00pm to 1:00am)
  7. hour; o’clock (mainly in formal writing)
    Synonym: 點／点 (diǎn)
    八時十五分／八时十五分  ―  bā shí shíwǔ fēn  ―  8:15
  8. opportunity; chance
  9. current; contemporary
    時事／时事  ―  shíshì  ―  current affairs
    時局／时局  ―  shíjú  ―  current political situation
  10. that time
  11. occasionally; from time to time
    時快時慢／时快时慢  ―  shí kuài shí màn  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    時有發生／时有发生  ―  shí yǒu fāshēng  ―  to happen from time to time
  12. (literary) timely
  13. (obsolete) beautiful; good
  14. (obsolete) this
  15. (grammar) tense
    過去時／过去时  ―  guòqùshí  ―  past tense
  16. a surname

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (時):
  • → Japanese: 時(じ) (ji)
  • → Korean: 시(時) (si)
  • → Vietnamese: thời (時), thì (時)

Others:

References

Japanese

Kanji
時

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
時
とき
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
刻 (rare)

⟨to2ki1⟩ → */təkʲi/ → /toki/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təki. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation.

However, the sense of “unchanging” does not fit well with the sense of “the passing of time”. Separately, the phonetics of Old Japanese ⟨ki1⟩ → /kʲi/ appear to contraindicate a fusion of /ko/ + /i/, which resulted in ⟨ki2⟩ → /kʷi/ as seen at 木.
  • Possibly derived from or otherwise related to 疾し (toshi, “sharp; happening quickly”), cognate with 研ぐ (togu, “to sharpen”).
However, the historical spelling of toshi was to1(si), as in 那杼佐祁流斗米 (nado1 sake1ru to1 me2, "why do you have knife cutting eyes").[2]
  • Possibly related to 年 (toshi, “year”).

Pronunciation

Noun

時(とき) • (toki) 

  1. time
    時(とき)の流(なが)れ ― toki no nagare ― the flow of time
    • 1995 June 1 [1993 February 17], Yōzaburō Kanari with Satō, Fumiya, “オペラ座(ざ)館(かん)殺(さつ)人(じん)事(じ)件(けん)④ [The Opera House Murder Case ④]”, in 金(きん)田(だ)一(いち)少(しょう)年(ねん)の事(じ)件(けん)簿(ぼ) (金(きん)田(だ)一(いち)少(しょう)年(ねん)の事(じ)件(けん)簿(ぼ)) [Young Kindaichi Case Files], 14th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 186:
      動(うご)くな‼じっとしてるんだ‼時(と)間(き)が来(く)れば犯(はん)人(にん)は自(じ)分(ぶん)から名(な)のり出(で)る‼
      Ugoku na‼ Jitto shiteru n da‼ Toki ga kureba hannin wa jibun kara nanorideru‼
      Nobody move‼ Keep still‼ When the time comes, the culprit will show their true identity of their own accord‼
    1. an event, case, occasion, moment; a specific period in time
      困(こま)った時(とき)は私(わたし)に相(そう)談(だん)してください。
      Komatta toki wa watashi ni sōdan shite kudasai.
      Please consult with me when troubled (in times of trouble).
    2. a time of something
    3. (literary) the time during which a narrative takes place
      時(とき)は冬(ふゆ)
      toki wa fuyu
      It was winter, […]
    4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      時(とき)の大統領(だいとうりょう)
      toki no daitōryō
      contemporary president; president at the time
  2. a season
  3. a tense
Derived terms
Derived terms
Descendants

Suffix

時(どき) • (-doki) 

  1. time of..., time for...

Proper noun

時(とき) • (Toki) 

  1. a female given name

Further reading
  • “時／とき”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
時
じ
Grade: 2
goon

/ʑi/ → /ʑi//d͡ʑi/

From Middle Chinese 時 (MC dzyi).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [d͡ʑi]
  • The pitch accent depends on the entire appended word.

Counter

時(じ) • (-ji) 

  1. hour, o’clock
    時(と)計(けい)を見(み)ると、ちょうど １２(じゅうに)時(じ) ３４(さんじゅうよん)分(ぷん) ５６(ごじゅうろく)秒(びょう)だった。
    Tokei o miru to, chōdo jūni-ji sanjūyon-pun gojūroku-byō datta.
    When I looked at the clock, it was just 12:34 and 56 seconds.
    • 1987 February 20 [1982 November 15], Motoka Murakami, “嵐(らん)子(こ)再(ふたた)びの巻(まき) [Reunite with Ranko]”, in 六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん) (六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)の剣(けん)) [Musashi’s Sword], 18th edition, volume 7 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 154:
      オラ、夏(なつ)木(き)六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)！６(ろく)月(がつ)３(みっ)日(か)の４(よ)時(じ)に生(う)まれだから六(ム)三(サ)四(シ)‼まんずよろしく‼
      Ora, Natsuki Musashi! Rokugatsu mikka no yoji ni umareda kara Musashi‼ Manzu yoroshiku‼
      Mah name’s Natsuki Musashi! It’s Musashi because ah was born on June 3 at four o'clock!! Nice to meet y’all!!
Derived terms
Japanese number-counter combinations for 時(じ) (ji)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 What time?
零(れい)時(じ) (reiji) 一(いち)時(じ) (ichiji) 二(に)時(じ) (niji) 三(さん)時(じ) (sanji) 四(よ)時(じ) (yoji) 五(ご)時(じ) (goji) 六(ろく)時(じ) (rokuji) 七(しち)時(じ) (shichiji)
七(なな)時(じ) (nanaji)		 八(はち)時(じ) (hachiji) 九(く)時(じ) (kuji) 十(じゅう)時(じ) (jūji) 十(じゅう)一(いち)時(じ) (jūichiji) 十(じゅう)二(に)時(じ) (jūniji) 何(なん)時(じ) (nanji)

Suffix

時(じ) • (-ji) 

  1. at the time of...

Affix

時(じ) • (ji) 

  1. time, moment
  2. at that time, chance, occasion
  3. hour, hourly
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
時
さだ
Grade: 2
irregular

Either a sound shift from,[3] or cognate with,[7] Old Japanese しだ (sida → shida, “time, circumstance”).

  • ⟨sida⟩ → ⟨sada⟩ → */saⁿda/ → /sada/
or:
  • ⟨sada⟩ → */saⁿda/ → /sada/

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [sa̠da̠]

Noun

時(さだ) • (sada) 

  1. (obsolete) Only used in 時過ぐ (sada sugu): to pass through the prime of life, grow old

References
  1. “時”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 493
  3. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  6. Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  7. “しだ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 時 (MC dzyi).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 時 (eumhun 때 시 (ttae si))

  1. Hanja form? of 시 (“time; hour; season”).
  2. Hanja form? of 시 (“era; age; period”).
  3. Hanja form? of 시 (“opportunity; chance”).
  4. Hanja form? of 시 (“correct, right, excellent, great, good, nice, beautiful, fine, well”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *təki.

Noun

時 (to2ki1) (kana とき)

  1. a time, moment (in time), occasion
Descendants
  • Japanese: 時 (toki)

Etymology 2

Sound shift from しだ (sida, “time, circumstance”).[1]

Noun

時 (sada) (kana さだ)

  1. Only used in 時過ぐ (sada sugu): to pass through the prime of life, grow old
Descendants
  • Japanese: 時 (sada)

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

Han character

時: Hán Việt readings: thì, thời
時: Nôm readings: thì, thời

  1. chữ Hán form of thời (“time”).
  2. chữ Hán form of thì (“time”).
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